• Occurs when individuals reach a state of harmony and understanding because they are engaged in achieving their full potential
• Once a person has reached the self-actualization state they focus on themselves and try to build their own image. They may look at this in terms of feelings such as self-confidence or by accomplishing a set goal

Kendini gerçekleştirme gereksinimi (erdem, yaratıcılık, doğallık, problem çözme, önyargısız olma, gerçeklerin kabulü)

• Childs are always asking Why?
  • and Why?
  • and Why?
  • and Why?
  • and Why?

• Until when?

• What is the ultimate answer?

• Hyper-intelligent beings create a computer to find the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything
• This enormous supercomputer (of the size of a city) calculated during 7.5 million years
• Unfortunately, no one knows what the question is
• To calculate the Ultimate Question, a special computer the size of a planet was built from organic components and named Earth
• After ten million years of calculation, the Earth is destroyed five minutes before the computation is complete

• if it is a human body, it is bad. Probably is dead

• It its is the weather, then it is good

24.01, 24.66, 22.93, 19.92, 15.72, 12.4, 9.918, 8.99, 9.288, 11.96, 16.01, 20.86, 23.95, 24.65, 22.87, 19.81, 15.89, 12.12, 9.86, 8.755, 8.845, 11.34, 15.47, 20.5, 23.99, 24.85, 23.04, 20.23, 16.3, 12.44, 9.89, 8.703, 9.105, 11.36, 15.83, 20.59, 23.81, 24.56, 23.07, 19.9, 15.86, 12.14, 9.805, 8.89, 9.193, 11.75, 15.95, 20.62, 23.95, 24.81, 22.96, 19.51, 15.81, 12.31, 9.678, 8.665, 9.178, 11.48, 15.62, 20.51, 24, 24.81, 23.03, 19.68, 15.99, 12.3, 10.11, 9.01, 9.348, 11.76, 15.91, 20.54, 24.25, 24.7, 23.37, 19.83, 15.27, 11.79, 9.6, 8.693, 9.04, 11.64, 15.93, 20.81, 23.97, 24.52, 22.79, 19.84, 15.96, 12.38, 9.97, 8.818, 9.355, 11.62, 16.09, 20.68, 23.79, 24.57, 23.13, 19.73 and 15.61

Do you see any meaning? Any pattern?

hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm and mild

How can we explain this?

• God’s will
• Magic
• Just good luck
• Movement of the planet
• Witchery

In a broad sense an explanation is a story

At some level any story is valid

Human mind apparently is a storyteller

To be meaningful you have to tell a story

• Coherent with the evidence
• Logic
• Testable
• Predictive

• “This is so, and that’s it”
• “This should be so, because …”

Biology

• Linnaeus describes diversity through Taxonomy
• Darwin explains diversity through Evolution and Natural Selection

Physics

• Tycho Brahe described the movements of planets
• Kepler made a model that explained it
  • Geometrical and beautiful model
• Newton made a theory that explained Kepler’s laws from “first principles”

We can distinguish these levels on this story

• Data
• Information
• Knowledge
• Wisdom

Our instruments produce Data. A lot

Information is the abstraction of data that allows us to make decision

Knowledge allows us to explain why things are as we see

Wisdom allows us to predict the future

I sustain that Scientific Impact comes from explanations in the form of models

Experiments are meaningful only if:

• They allow us to discover a pattern and propose a model
• They allow us to validate a prediction of a model
• They allow us to discard a false model

Not all models are mathematical models

There are different levels of abstraction

Many institutions consider the number of citation as equivalent to scientific impact

Citations are an index of impact, as temperature is an index of health

If you have a dead body at 24°C, will you heat it to bring it back to life?

Learn Tools for Thinking

• Logic: What is a correct argument
• Fallacies: How we fool ourselves
• Probabilities: because biology is not logic
• Critical reading: learning from the mistakes of others
• Learn by practice

The limit of my language is the limit of my world