• Childs are always asking Why?

  • and Why?
  • and Why?
  • and Why?
  • and Why?

• Until when?

• What is the ultimate answer?

• Hyper-intelligent beings create a computer to find the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything
• This enormous supercomputer (of the size of a city) calculated during 7.5 million years
• Unfortunately, no one knows what the question is
• To calculate the Ultimate Question, a special computer the size of a planet was built from organic components and named Earth
• After ten million years of calculation, the Earth is destroyed five minutes before the computation is complete

24.01, 24.66, 22.93, 19.92, 15.72, 12.4, 9.918, 8.99, 9.288, 11.96, 16.01, 20.86, 23.95, 24.65, 22.87, 19.81, 15.89, 12.12, 9.86, 8.755, 8.845, 11.34, 15.47, 20.5, 23.99, 24.85, 23.04, 20.23, 16.3, 12.44, 9.89, 8.703, 9.105, 11.36, 15.83, 20.59, 23.81, 24.56, 23.07, 19.9, 15.86, 12.14, 9.805, 8.89, 9.193, 11.75, 15.95, 20.62, 23.95, 24.81, 22.96, 19.51, 15.81, 12.31, 9.678, 8.665, 9.178, 11.48, 15.62, 20.51, 24, 24.81, 23.03, 19.68, 15.99, 12.3, 10.11, 9.01, 9.348, 11.76, 15.91, 20.54, 24.25, 24.7, 23.37, 19.83, 15.27, 11.79, 9.6, 8.693, 9.04, 11.64, 15.93, 20.81, 23.97, 24.52, 22.79, 19.84, 15.96, 12.38, 9.97, 8.818, 9.355, 11.62, 16.09, 20.68, 23.79, 24.57, 23.13, 19.73 and 15.61

Do you see any meaning? Any pattern?

hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm, mild, cold, cold, cold, cold, cold, mild, warm, hot, hot, hot, warm and mild

Lower precision gives more meaning

Our instruments produce Data. A lot, cheaper every day

Information is the abstraction of data that allows us to make decision

Knowledge allows us to explain why things are as we see

Wisdom allows us to predict the future

Let us look inside these categories

• Qualitative
• Assigning names to things
• Group similar things together
  • Taxonomies
  • Ontologies
• Mathematical operations: test for equality, test for set membership
• Central tendency: mode

• Semi qualitative, Rank
  • Example: ‘completely agree’, ‘mostly agree’, ‘indifferent’, ‘mostly disagree’, ‘completely disagree’
• There is order, but intervals can be different
  • Real differences between adjacent ranks may not be equal
• Mathematical operations: less-than, sort
• Central tendency: median
• And all the properties of Nominal

• degree of difference between items, but not the ratio between them
• Examples
  • Temperature in the Celsius scale
  • date when measured from an arbitrary epoch (such as AD)
  • location in Cartesian coordinates
  • direction measured in degrees from north
• Mathematical operations: Plus, Minus, ratio of differences
• Central tendency: arithmetic mean, standard deviation

• Has a meaningful (unique and non-arbitrary) zero value
• Most measurements in physical sciences and engineering
  • mass, length, duration, plane angle, energy, and electric charge
  • values have units of measurement
• Mathematical operations: multiplication, division
• Central tendency: geometric mean, harmonic mean, coefficient of variation

• Names
• Grades (ordered labels like beginner, intermediate, advanced)
• Ranks (orders with 1 being the smallest or largest, 2 the next smallest or largest, and so on)
• Counted fractions (bound by 0 and 1)
• Counts (non-negative integers)
• Amounts (non-negative real numbers)
• Balances (any real number)

These categories are used for teaching and education research

• Knowledge
• Comprehension
• Application
• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Evaluation

• Knowledge “involves the recall of specifics and universals, the recall of methods and processes, or the recall of a pattern, structure, or setting.”
• Comprehension “refers to a type of understanding or apprehension such that the individual knows what is being communicated and can make use of the material or idea being communicated without necessarily relating it to other material or seeing its fullest implications.”

• Application refers to the “use of abstractions in particular and concrete situations.”
• Analysis represents the “breakdown of a communication into its constituent elements or parts such that the relative hierarchy of ideas is made clear and/or the relations between ideas expressed are made explicit.”

• Synthesis involves the “putting together of elements and parts so as to form a whole.”
• Evaluation engenders “judgments about the value of material and methods for given purposes.”

• Remember
• Understand
• Apply
• Analyze
• Evaluate
• Create